The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci Essay Example for Free

The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci Essay The Renaissance, which took place in the fifteenth century, was an important time for artist. For many years, art had not played a significant role in the lives of individuals. Instead they had worked hard and worshiped a god that they felt was out to destroy them. Then came the Renaissance when art was reborn and wisdom was encouraged. Artist began to experiment with new techniques and materials. Many of the creative people of the day looked at their subjects in a different way. They wanted them to look realistic instead of the stiff figures in earlier works. Leonardo Da Vinci, a true Renaissance man, was no exception. The Last Supper was one of his most famous works and embodied the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. The Renaissance movement followed the Gothic art of the Middle Ages, also known as The Dark Ages. After the lack of learning of the Middle Ages there was a complete turnabout in the Renaissance. It was as if there was a burst of enthusiasm for learning and experimenting with every new idea that artist could fathom. There was no shortage of patrons to support these skilled and talented individuals of the art world. There was a renewed interest in the ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture. It seemed to those whose art was produced in the Renaissance felt that it was more beneficial to study the works of the ancients instead of the previous period. In ancient Greece and Rome, there was a keen interest in the human being. They felt that mankind was the most interesting subject for an artist. Man was complex and there was always something to be learned about him. In an attempt to present man in the way that he had never been before, the artist of the Renaissance period delved into the practice of experimenting with perspective. It was only through painting a three dimensional figure that man could be seen as the complex being that he was. In order to make a figure seem more than one dimensional, chiaroscuro, or the use of light and dark to create depth. Duke Ludovico Sforza was a patron of Da Vinci. He commissioned him to paint the mural of The Last Supper on the wall of his dining hall. He accepted the commission and began his work in fourteen ninety-five. As was true to Da Vinci’s nature, he wanted to experiment with new materials. He covered the wall with a sealant, gesso, and then painted the mural with tempura paint. Like many experiments, this one proved to be unsuccessful. While the painting was a masterpiece, it did not hold up well and it was not long after he finished in fourteen ninety-eight that the painting was already showing signs of deterioration. The mural has been restored many times over the centuries and has now recently been restored to what is hoped to be an accurate one. However, it was a difficult task since not all of the ones who tried to restore it had the same objective as leaving in its original form. The painting itself is of the Passover that Jesus spent with his twelve disciples just before his arrest and crucifixion, later known as The Last Supper. Religious subjects were quite popular in Italian society because Italy was the center of the Roman Catholic Church. In this painting Jesus has just informed his disciples that one of them would betray him. This shocked and confused his disciples because they wondered how one of the twelve could go against the man they had given up everything for, who was the one who would commit such a vile act, and would the culprit be them. The look of surprise and disdain is on their faces. Jesus is placed at the center of the painting and then he is flanked on each side by six of the disciples. This creates a balance to the stark room, which is the setting of the last meal that Jesus would share with his original twelve disciples. Judas is just to the left of Jesus and is holding his finger in a way that would suggest he is being challenged. The others are discussing the situation amongst themselves. The disciple to the right of Jesus has been the center of discussion lately with the popularity of the book and movie The Da Vinci Code. The disciple of all of the focus is John, the one who was the â€Å"beloved† disciple. Da Vinci painted him to look extremely feminine. Dan Brown questioned the identity of this figure. He suggested that instead of John, the identity was Mary Magdalene. Perhaps Brown was right, but it also makes sense that Da Vinci actually meant for the figure to be John. John was the youngest of the disciples and he could have emphasized his youth by purposely painting him in a feminine light to stress his youth. The setting of the painting is the upper room of the Passover meal. The room is dark and stark. Da Vinci brings light to the painting by using light and vivid colors for the clothing of the disciples. Light blue is the predominant color with pink, green, and yellow used as complimentary colors. The viewer’s eye is automatically drawn to the center of the painting which is Jesus, but is shortly drawn out in both directions because the colors seem to elongate the view. Jesus and the disciples have a multi dimensional appearance as was popular during the Renaissance. However, they were not accurate in the sense that they appear European. These men were Israelites and their complexions and hair would have been much darker than they appear in the painting. This is also a trait of Renaissance art. The artist tended to make their biblical subjects look like the artist. Leonardo Da Vinci and his painting, The Last Supper, are typical examples of the Renaissance movement. His courage to experiment and yet still focus on religious themes that were popular at that time was enhanced by his superior artistic talent.

Hypocrisy of Mr. Garner and Mr. Bodwin in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

The Hypocrisy of Mr. Garner and Mr. Bodwin in Toni Morrison's Beloved   In Toni Morrison's novel Beloved, both Mr. Garner and Mr. Bodwin are presented initially as decent men, with views on the black race that differ from all the rest of the white men in the book. The readers first impression of each of these men is favorable. With further reading and thought however, the reader notices more and more details that tend to change their initial impression. By the end of the book both men seem to have lost their appeal. Even though there is very little said against Mr. Garner, and even less against Mr. Bodwin, it seems that Morrison was trying to cause very mixed opinions about each one of these characters. In the end, Mr. Garner seems no less racist than his fellow slave owners, and Mr. Bodwin, though opposed to slavery also appears to be much more racist than he lets on.   Mr. Garner is the owner of Sweet Home, the plantation where Sethe, her family, and others had been slaves before their escape. He is singled out from the rest of the white men right away. When his character is first introduced the narrator speaks of him fighting with other farmers about his slaves being men. "Now at Sweet Home, my niggers is men every one of em. Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one" he had told other farmers (Morrison 10). With this comment Mr. Garner was fishing for the reaction he loved to hear, "I wouldn't have no nigger men round my wife.", to which he'd retaliate "neither would I, neither would I"(11).   On the surface Mr. Garner is presented as a very admirable man. He "ran a special kind of slavery", Baby Suggs had thought, "treating them as paid labor" (140).   The way... ...s than noble. Both men seem to put on a mightier-than-thou air when in public, and try to appear as non-racist as possible. Yet Mr. Garner owns slaves, an obviously racist act, even if he does allow them more than other slave owners would. And Mr. Bodwin who claims to be against slavery, and has fought to end it, displays in his own house a figure that embodies slavery. It appears that the only difference between other slave owners and Mr. Garner, is that they don't try and hide their racism or pretend they're better than anyone else. Mr. Bodwin does not own slaves, and does not believe in the practice, but he is still racist as we can see from the figure in his house. Which of these is better? Who can say? But most people aren't fond of hipocrits. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Markham, Ontario: Penguin Books Canada Limited, 1987

Responsible Borrowing Worksheet Essay

Many students borrow federal student loans to pay for college. The goal of this assignment is to help you learn how to borrow responsibly, which may mean that you do not borrow at all or that you borrow only what you truly need. To borrow responsibly, you must understand your options and establish a financial plan for your entire program. With that plan in place, you can then focus on your classes and making connections with instructors and other students. There are three steps listed below for this assignment. Respond to the questions for each step in this worksheet only and submit your completed document to the Assignment Files tab. Step 1 Watch the â€Å"Responsible Borrowing (Financial Aid)† video on the orientation website located here: http://www.phoenix.edu/student-orientation.html. Respond to the following three questions in the spaces provided below: What is financial aid? How do grants differ from loans? What effect does class attendance have on funding availability? Step 2 Navigate to the Personal Finance category of the GEN/127 PhoenixConnect ® Community. Explore the resources provided and view some of the discussions shared by the community members. Respond to the following two questions in the spaces provided below: What did you find about student loan repayment plans? Why is having an educational financial plan important? Step 3 Access the Financial Plan at www.phoenix.edu/financialplan. Enter your program and respond to the questions. Explore the information about options for payment, reducing cost, and military students (if applicable). If you have already completed the plan as part of the enrollment process, you can use those results for this step. Respond to the following two questions in the spaces provided below: Based on this plan, what is your estimated monthly payment when you enter repayment? As a result of completing the plan, what changes can you make to reduce the amount you may borrow? Why?

The Role of Assistant Principals in Schools

Essay on Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death

Edgar Allen Poe, in the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, shows how people may try to outsmart death and surpass it, but in the end they will die since death is inevitable. He reveals this in the book by showing all the people closed up in the abbey that belongs to Prince Prospero. They are trying to escape the â€Å"Red Death† and think that they can escape the death by hiding away in the abbey. They manage to stay safe for six months but in the end they all die after the stroke of midnight during the masquerade ball Prince Prospero puts on from the Red Death itself which appears after midnight and leaves no survivors in the end. Poe develops the theme of how no one can escape death through the use of the point of view, the setting,†¦show more content†¦He also took the precautions to not allow anything through the windows not even light so he uses â€Å"the fires [to] create the illusion of daylight† to come through each of the colored gl ass window panes (Dudley). The colored rooms are also a big part of the setting as well as being a form of symbolism also. He goes into great detail of all seven of the colored rooms. The rooms started in the east with the blue room and concluded in the west with the black room. All of the rooms had matching wall and windows except the one that is farthest west which is the black room with the blood red window that houses the clock that could be heard through the entire abbey. The colors of the rooms are symbolic in many ways. They can be taken as a biblical symbol that Hubert Zapf shows in his article which states, â€Å"†¦ of human life which leads from the color blue to the color black, from light to darkness, from creation to destruction.†, which can then be used to compare to the way the path goes when Prospero is trying to catch the masked figure and his destruction of Prospero takes place in the black room with the red window (Zapf). The rooms also canShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Masque Of The Red Death708 Words   |  3 PagesDeath is something everyone frets on a daily basis. Edgar Allan Poe stresses how death is an unavoidable reality in his short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†. Prince Prospero, a lying, cowardly, untrustworthy leader pretends to be helping his town as people are suddenly dying off from the Red Death, when he is actually just protecting himself and leaving his town helpless. This story is shown through the use of many symbols and events. Ultimately Poe utilizes symbolism in order to convey theRead MoreSymbolism In The Masque Of The Red Death766 Words   |  4 PagesThe Masque of the Red Death Poe often gives memory the power to keep the dead alive. Which in the short story Poe distorts the aspect of death. By creating a memory as the trigger that reawakens death Poe reveals the theme of the story; that no matter the persons social class death comes for us all. In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† he uses literary elements such as allusion, symbolism, and allegory to convey that death is inevitable. In the short story, Poe usesRead MoreSymbolism in the Masque of the Red Death Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesArrogance Kills Edgar Allen Poes The Masque of the Red Death is a typical dark Poe story, but it contains some unique themes and symbolism. In the story a disease known as the Red Death is ravaging the fictional place where the story is set, and it causes its victims to die quickly and painfully. Even though this disease is spreading rampantly, the prince, Prospero, does not care. He decides to lock the gates of his palace in order to keep away from the plague, ignoring the illness that is ravagingRead MoreEssay on The Masque of the Red Death: Symbolism1419 Words   |  6 Pagesusing illusion or misdirection keeps the reader is suspense throughout this story called The Masque of the Red Death. Symbolism such as the colored rooms, the impressive clock, the feeling of celebration being at a party all makes this story feel like a fairytale. Poe used this fairytale style and converts it into a nightmare in disguise. In the Masque of the Red Death, the first sentence, The Red Death had long devastated the country, sets the tone for the whole story. Poe describes the horrorsRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death520 Words   |  3 PagesSymbolism in The Masque of the Red Death Poe uses heavy symbolism throughout the story to convey his underlying theme: the inevitability of death and the futility of trying to escape death. The princes name, Prospero, generally denotes happiness and prosperity. The Prince possesses these characteristics yet is faced with a plague that he desperately attempting to avoid. This oxymoron is used to hint that this man of exuberance will soon be faced with tragedy. The fires in eachRead MoreThe Masque Of The Red Death Symbolism Analysis954 Words   |  4 PagesDarkness of Symbolism Gothic literature often has a common theme of fear and/or death. Author Edgar Allan Poe is the most well known gothic writer because of his famous dark and frightening short stories such as â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death.† Poe is so popular because of his ability to write stories that leave lasting effects on all readers. In this story, he uses many small symbols that then relate to the major symbols, such as Prince Prospero, his name represents his prosperous lifestyle. TheRead MoreMasque Of The Red Death Symbolism Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Black Death, also known as The Red Death, killed over sixty percent of Europe’s population. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, written by Edgar Allan Poe, is about wealth and privilege, where the prince hides from the Red Death with his revelers. Poe uses symbols such as setting, objects, along with characters to reveal an allegorical theme. Thus being the theme, everyone will perish, even the wealthy and privil eged. Each apartment in the abbey is a symbol that supports the theme. The apartmentsRead MoreSymbolism in the Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allen Poe1655 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism in The Masque of the Red Death The Masque of the Red Death is a short story written by acclaimed literary author, Edgar Allen Poe. The story is an emphasis on the fact that there is no avoiding death, no matter how hard you try, which is the overall theme. The text tells the story of Prince Prospero whose town is being plagued by the dreaded Red Death. He attempts to avoid the plague by inviting 1,000 of his closest friends, all of which are variably different, to isolate themselvesRead MoreSymbolism and in Edgar Allan Poes the Masque of the Red Death915 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Reyes Symbolism and in Edgar Allan Poes the Masque of the Red Death Thesis: Poe uses symbolism to unfold this gripping tale of terror. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† is an allegory. It features a set of recognizable symbols whose meanings combine to convey a message. An allegory always operates on two levels of meaning: the literal elements of the plot (the colors of the rooms, for example) and their symbolic counterparts, which often involve large philosophical concepts (such as lifeRead MoreSymbolism In Edgar Allan Poes The Masque Of The Red Death1028 Words   |  5 Pagesis infinite, but unfortunately for human beings, they face times rath. Eventually, every living being or organism faces death, you cant escape it or run away from it, death is always around the corner. In â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† Edgar Allan Poe demonstrates this when the noble class and Prince Prospero tried to run away from the gruesome and infectious disease. Symbolism in the story is significant because it gives the reader more insight on how the a uthor feels towards something and gives

Essay Music and Entertainment Industry Digital TV and MP3s

In the world nowadays, ICT has been responsible for assisting in the development of entertainment. One of the things that are mainly used in music entertainment now is the MP3 files which contain music. This technology is often used to play music with digital music players such as MP3 players and iPods. This now revolutionised the entertainment as it now allows people to listen to music without the need for a physical product for the players to play music off of such as using cds it is now quicker in music entertainment to download music of line which makes the process faster. Digital TV has improved with cable and free view from 4 channels to hundreds of channels of digital TV company’s such as sky and virgin this has given†¦show more content†¦IT is majorly involved in gaming nowadays .Cameras such as on the PlayStation 3 webcam and the Xbox 360s Kinect are examples of these gaming webcams where people are the controller .The physical activity that people are able to do and the only way the can play the game, with these cameras as well as games consoles such as the Wii could mean that as a result of exercising while playing without controllers, it could make physical activity clubs such as gyms obsolete. Games can also now be played on mobile phones such as the smartphone thanks to IT assists in file transfer. ICT has also changed the way in which media has been used by the speed in which new news can be presented or broadcasted. This shows the improvements in media with ICT it may take a few days has now improved in the level of only minutes or even seconds to shows all new news of events which are occurring in the word ict has also improved through the way media is filmed by new cameras in HD. Also ict has improved entertainment in media by the way they can use text in newspapers by using pictures to show comedy and humour Technology has massively influenced the entertainment and leisure. It has changed the way film and televisions are broadcasted. This is because of the introduction of digital television digital films and digital video games. The digital recording has helped the professionals and beginners toShow MoreRelatedApple Case1412 Words   |  6 Pagespace in the digital world with innovation and creativity that has been missing from the company for the past 20 years. The introduction of the iPod, a brilliant merger of technology, business, and entertainment, catapulted Apple back into the mainstream. CAPITALIZING ON NEW TRENDS In 2000, Steve Jobs was fixated on developing video editing software for the Macintosh. But then he realized millions of people were using computers and CD burners to make audio CDs and to download digital songs calledRead MoreDigital Music Industry3387 Words   |  14 Pagespoint of some mainstream recording industries and organizations. According to Zhang, CEO of the Idol Entertainment Ltd, ‘this represents neither a retrogression of society, nor a down step in terms of culture. It is normally a reflection of the current music market, which is to satisfy the consumers’ demands fundamentally.’ In fact, music online is currently receiving both profit and widespread acclaim, drawing lines with recording industry and traditional music profit modal (Zhang, 2006). ThisRead MoreMarketing Mix1265 Words   |  6 Pagesthe consumers’ needs and wants is every marketer’s main goal. Aspects of the Marketing Mix The best way to define a market is to recognize the needs and wants of consumers and then focus on meeting those needs and wants. In today’s advertising industry, marketers use the marketing mix as a tool to satisfy their target consumers. Furthermore, the marketing mix contains controllable variables that are carefully managed by the business to meet the needs of a targeted audience. â€Å"In other words, a companyRead MoreSteve Jobs : Technological Revolutionist916 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. He was a strong leader, entrepreneur, and inventor. Job’s was a technological revolutionist, creating legendary hardware and software advancements which significantly impacted: science, how we communicate and interact; as well as literature, music, and media. Steve Jobs greatest impact worldwide was on science, specifically computer science. In 1997 he created the first fully assembled desktop computer, the Apple II, which was known for its expandability. 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In today’s advertising industry, marketers use the marketing mix as a tool to satisfy their target consumers. Furthermore, the marketing mix contains controllable variables that are carefully managed by the business to meet the needs of a targeted audience. â€Å"In other words, a companyRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Music Industry1686 Words   |  7 Pages1877 to cassettes to digital recording in 1987 to MP3 in 1990 and to iTunes in 2003, the music industry has become an important global industry in last 50 years. The evolution of the music industry has given a boom to the economic activity in many geographical scales. Technological development has been playing an effective role for the evolution of the music industries. Looking back at the success of these music businesses, it used to be all about fun, dignity, entertainment and business. There wereRead MoreItunes Marketing Analysis2171 Words   |  9 Pagesperson and not a MAC person, I have used MAC in some occasions but I always felt that PCs were more user-friendly. It is needless to describe how electronics have progressed and invaded every aspect of our life now a days, we are all about gadgets, MP3 players, GPS, Palm, email, web-cam, web-conferencing etc etc†¦ Every day there is a new invention that seduces us, and I am not immune to these seductions†¦ I too fell ‘victim’ to APPLE, and I am a happy iPhone user. This new gadget has forced me to workRead MoreItunes Marketing Analysis2158 Words   |  9 Pagesperson and not a MAC person, I have used MAC in some occasions but I always felt that PCs were more user-friendly. It is needless to describe how electronics have progressed and invaded every aspect of our life now a days, we are all about gadgets, MP3 players, GPS, Palm, email, web-cam, web-conferencing etc etc†¦ Every day there is a new invention that seduces us, and I am not immune to these seductions†¦ I too fell ‘victim’ to APPLE, and I am a happy iPhone user. This new gadget has forced me to workRead MoreCis 324 Computer Ethics2250 Words   |  9 PagesEthics of Peer to Peer downloading and Sharing Strayer University Abstract In the short time that computers and internet have existed in the modern era, the world has seen a complete 360 degree turn and in the various forms of electronic entertainment that people all over the world are now using. In the days before CD’s, DVD’s and the internet, not much was said if a vinyl album (remember these?), VHS cassette (or these?) or an audio cassette was loaned to a friend for their listening / viewing

Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees Free Essays

FACULITY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MBA PROGRAM THE BANK MANAGERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN THE SOUTH OF WEST BANK BY AFNAN MOHAMMAD AMER ADVISOR DR. SHARIF ABUKARSH This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA), College of Graduate Studies, Hebron University. 2009 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my appreciation to those who provided valuable advice and assistance during preparation of this thesis My appreciation to my Advisor Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sharif Abukarsh for his guidance and support. And my appreciation to all the Bank anagers who allowed me to conduct the research in their branches My appreciation to every one helped me to make this piece of work completed. 3 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred in this study has application qualification for to been submitted another this or as degree any or other university or institute of learning. 4 an DEDICATION This piece of work is dedicated to all my family members, especially to the great father I have, to my precious mother, my best friend Akram, and my lovely kids; zaid, Sanad, Manar and mohammad, for their patience and supporting. To them and to everyone who participated, helped, and encouraged me o complete this work, I dedicate this thesis 5 ABSTRACT THE BANK MANAGERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN THE SOUTH OF WEST BANK Job satisfaction is one of the most important human resource-related outcomes, Further; organizations that have more satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and profitable. Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. This study recognizes the types of the existing Bank managers’ leadership style in southern part of West Bank and its impact on employees’ job satisfaction from the view oint of its employees. All the employees of (20) Bank branches in the southern part of West Bank which are (390) employees, were the target population of the research. The researcher developed one questionnaire used as a primary source consists of of three collecting main data, parts: the this first questionnaire part contained questions about the employees demographic variables, t he second part is about the indicators of the current leadership styles of the Bank managers in the southern part of West Bank and the third part is a bout the job satisfaction of the Bank employees. One hundred distributed employees in to twenty a the three tratified Banks of questionnaires systematic southern 6 part have sample of of West been the Bank. Eighty nine questionnaires were returned which make the respondents rate (72. 4%). The results of the research highlighted a strong positive relationship between democratic leadership style and employees’ job satisfaction, a slightly weak positive relationship employees’ between job autocratic satisfaction and leadership a strong style and negative relationship between the laissez fair leadership style and employees’ job satisfaction. 7 CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. 1 Introduction Job human satisfaction is resource-related ften-studied topic the one outcomes, in of the and most important perhaps management and the most industrial psychology. Further, organizations that have more satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and profitable. Job satisfaction, characteristics likely such result as customer low together and in with environmental other turnover satisfaction, other characteristics, organizationally reduced positive valued absenteeism and organizational job satisfaction, job will outcomes productivity, effectiveness. (kim 2004) Among determinants of leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization (Rad and Yarmohammadian, 2004). By using appropriate leadership styles, managers can affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests 8 and reliability of employees in different situations (Mosadeghrad, 2003). And because of the historical development of the Banking ector in Palestine which was, initially, marked by weakness and deformity in its structure and activities due to the political circumstances that Palestine went through. Apparently, there was an immense need for building a strong Banking system able to meet the economical and financial requirements of Palestine. And this strong Banking system mainly depends on the human force that like any business must be satisfied previously in mentioned, the work employee’s place. job And as it was satisfaction is affected mostly by the managers’ leadership style. (Par ker, 2003) 1. 2 The Paradigm of the Study Independent variables Dependent variable Managers’ Leadership style Job satisfaction Autocratic style Democratic style Laissez-fair style Employees’ demographic variables †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sex Academic qualification Salary Hierarchy level Moderator variables 9 F igure 1. 1: Conceptual framework There is one independent variable: managers’ leadership style, which will affect the dependent variable: employees’ job satisfaction. There are three leadership style indicators (autocratic, democratic, laissez fair), In addition, there are four moderator variables: employees’ sex, their academic qualification, salary, and hierarchy level, that will affect the strength of the relation etween the dependent and independent variables. (Kenny, 1986) 1. 6 Objectives of the Study This study aims to accomplish the following objectives: 1. To explore the leadership styles of Bank mangers in southern part of West Bank. 2. To identify the best style achieving of high level job satisfaction that to be recommended and followed. 3. To explore the impact of sex, academic qualification, salary, hierarchy level, in determining the job satisfaction of the south West Bank employees. 4. To explore the level of job satisfaction of employees in south West Bank Banks. 1. 3 Statement of the Problem Most of the time the success or failure f any business in general and Banking in particular is determined by the efforts and by the hard work done by its human workforce. And since one of the important factors influencing the employees activities and job satisfaction is the leadership style of their managers, a study of the 10 leadership style of the Bank managers and its relation with the employees satisfaction is essential for these managers to identify their styles and its impact on their employees performance, which will directly affect the Banking performance, with all its implications on the Palestinian economy. In order to accomplish the main objective of this study, nswers to the following specific sub-problems are sought: 1. What are the primary leadership styles of the Bank managers from the view point of its employees in southern part of West Bank? 2. What are the most remarkable characteristics of these styles from the view point of the employee s? 3. What is the employees’ job satisfaction level in southern part of West Bank? 4. What are the most remarkable characteristics of the employees’ job satisfaction in southern part of West Bank? 5. Is there a clear relationship between Bank managers’ leadership style and the employees’ job satisfaction in southern part of West Bank? . Is there a particular sub items in managers’ leadership style or styles that result in the highest job satisfaction for the employees in southern part of West Bank? 1. 4 Null Hypothesis Based on the problem statement mentioned above, the research hypotheses for this study are as follows: 11 1. There is no significant relationship between the leadership style of the Bank managers and the job satisfaction of its employees in southern part of West Bank. 2. There is no significant difference in the level of job satisfaction demographic of Bank employees variables (sex, in relation academic to the qualification, alary, hierarchy level). 1. 5 Significance of the Study Job satisfaction is an essential aspect of the human resource- related outcomes. And because of its significance in an organization, job satisfaction is perhaps the most often-studied topic in management and in industrial psychology (Kim 2004). And since job satisfaction is highly affected by managers’ leadership style. The significance of this study is underlined as this study is the first in Palestine according to the knowledge of the researcher done in the Banking sector The importance development of of this Banking study sector, lies and in its studying mpact on the factors that may improve or hinder employees’ job satisfaction. On the customers level, the more employees satisfaction, means the insurance of a better service, from one hand, and on the other hand , the well being of the Banking employees will have its clear effect on the Banking sector success, 12 which the customer will directly feel; as a success in major economy key player. The results of this research will highlight the effect of management style on the job satisfaction, which will be an additional contribution to the national literature that will help in a better planning for future developmental lans of the Banking sector in Palestine. 1. 7 Scope and Limitation of the Study The time scope: the time of the research from January, 2008 to March, 2009. The place scope: The research will be composed of all the Palestinian Banks in the southern part of West Bank (Hebron, Bethlehem, Betjalah). Human scope: all the employees of the Palestinian Banks in the southern part of West Bank will be the population of the research. Limitations of the study: 1. Some of the subordinates did not have time to fill the questionnaire in due time, and because of that it took the researcher more than planned to collect the data. 2. Some of the branch managers were reluctant or refused to cooperate, due to the contradiction of the excepted results of the study with their interests. 13 Banks framework table 1. 1 The working Banks in Palestine according to Palestinian Monetary Authority. Bank number Bank name 1 Arabic Bank 2 Cairo Amman Bank 3 Alquds Bank for Development and Investment 4 Palestine Islamic Bank 5 Arab Islamic Bank 6 Palestine Investment Bank 7 Bank of Jordan 8 The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance 9 Jordan Ahli Bank 10 Egyptian Arab land Bank 11 Bank of Palestine PLC 12 Al Rafah Microfinance Bank 13 Commercial Bank of Palestine 4 Palestine International Bank 15 Al-Aqsa Islamic Bank 16 Arab Palestinian Investment Bank 17 Jordan Commercial Bank 18 Jordan-Kuwait Bank 14 Bank number Bank name 19 Union Bank for Savings 20 HSBC Bank Middle East Limited 21 Principal Bank of Development and Agricultural Source(Palestinian Monetary Authority web site (http://www. pmapalestine. org) 15 1. 8 Definition of Terms Bank: a commercial institution that keeps money in accounts for individuals or organizations, makes loans, exchanges currencies, provides credit to businesses, and offers other financial services. (Macesich, 2000) Bank manager: manager of branch office of a Bank. (Macesich, 2000, p. 80) Leadership: ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen (Kouzes and Posner 2007) Autocratic leadership style: A leadership style where the leader solves the himself/herself problem using the or makes information the decision available at by the time. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Democratic leadership characterized by group style: a style participation in of leadership decision-making where the leader shares the problem with the relevant team members as a group. (Parker, 2003) Laissez fair leadership style: It s one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Job satisfaction: and an attitude (Cranny, 2002) 16 towards one’s job First line supervision manager: of a An middle individual manager who and is works under the responsible for managing the daily activities of a group of workers (Abas, 2003) Southern Part of West Bank: Bethlehem, Betjala and Hebron 17 CHAPTER Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter international studies includes about literature, the topic of local the and research, which is collected by reviewing different books and studies from different university libraries. The chapter has two parts; the first is about literature of leadership style and job satisfaction, whereas the second is about international and local studies related to the topic of the research. 2. 1 Literature Review of the Leadership Style In this part, the literature and theoretical framework about the leadership style is provided. 2. 1. 1 Leadership Concept In a competitive and quickly changing business nvironment, the effective leadership becomes one of the most critical needs and requirements (Pierce and Newstrom, 1995). Leaders need to hold visions, values, assumptions and paradigms that are oriented, empowered in agreement workforce successful. (Kotter, 1990) 18 in with having order to a team- be most Many researchers have defined leadership (Specrtum, 1999) defined leaders hip as the ability to influence others to achieve a specific goals and objects. Another definition influencing a of leadership is of persons achieve group to the process the of required goals of an organization. (Shachleton, 1995) There are some asic elements shape the concept of leadership, which are: 1. The existence of a group of people working in a certain organization. 2. The existence of a leader from the group who got the ability to influence their actions. 3. The existence of a specific object to obtain. (Kan’an, 2002) The ends of leadership involve getting results through others and the means of leadership involve the ability to build goal-oriented teams. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Finally the researcher defines the leadership as the ability to influence a group of people or a community to achieve specific goals. 2. 1. 2. Sources of Leadership Strength Where does the leader’s power come from? Do leaders have it? Or do followers give it them? As we shall see the answer may be both†. (Richard and Robert, 2009, p. 138) 19 The sources of leadership that gives the power and authority to a leader are 🙠 Parker, 2003) †¢ Expert power: Is the power of knowledge, some people are able to influence others through their relative expertise in particular area. †¢ Referent power: refers to the potential influence one has due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the follower. †¢ Legitimate power: is based on the official authority that a person got in the organizational structure Reward power: involves the potential to influence others due to one’s control over desired resources like the power to give raises or promotions. †¢ Coercive power: the opposite or reward power, is based on expectations of punishment for not doing the expected duties and work. 2. 1. 3 Types of Leadership Leadership style is an approach of giving direc tion, motivating people and implementing plans. As there are many leaders, there are different leadership styles. A good leader uses the right leadership style according to the situation. There are three types of leadership styles that vary in terms of decision making (Nathant, 2007) . Autocratic style 20 2. Democratic style 3. Laissez-fair style 1. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic style is characterized by maximum control by the leader on the group members (Bernhard Walsh, 1990) This leadership style is based on the notion that enlisting people in decision making processes encumbers the efficient running of a business. (Zowelif, 1996) Autocratic leadership goes beyond decision making; it involves attempts to dominate or force values and opinions on followers. The predominant use of economic values should relate to autocratic leadership. Because they are supported in their decisions by the strong logic of efficiency’ these executives have confidence in their own decisions and feel less need to involve subordinates in the decision-making process. Subordinates may perceive these leaders as dominating and likely to force their values and opinions on others, t ell others what to do, and make decisions in an overbearing way (Nathant, 2007). Autocratic leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group. (Berson and Linton, 2005) This leadership style surly has some major drawbacks, which are: 21 1. Increased workload for the manager: By taking on as much responsibility and involvement as possible, an autocratic leader naturally works at their full capacity, which can lead to long term stress and health problems and could damage working relationships with colleagues. 2. People dislike being ordered around, they also dislike being shown very little trust and faith. 3. Teams become dependent upon their leader: After becoming conditioned to receive orders and act upon them perfectly, workers lose initiative and the confidence to make decisions on their own. This results in teams of workers who become useless at running operations if hey loose contact with their leader. (Rad, 2004) In summary, an autocratic leader retains full authority, responsibility, and is concerned primarily with task and goal accomplishment and he/she uses one way communication pattern with the group. A leader using this style displays little trust and confidence in employees who generally fear their leader. 2 . Democratic Leadership Democratic promotes the Leadership sharing of is the leadership responsibility, the style that exercise of delegation and continual consultation. The democratic leader acts as a part of the team, he/she receives the employees thought and suggestions with respect How to cite Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees, Papers